• Interestingly transgenic mice that constitutively express ac

  2021-12-20

  

  Interestingly, transgenic mice that constitutively express active FXR in the intestine (iVP16FXR) are protected from chemically-induced and genetically-induced cholestasis. This protective effect is attributed to the induction of intestinal FGF15 and repression of hepatic Cyp7a1 expression, downregu

• Fatty acids are also known to activate

  2021-12-20

  

  Fatty acids are also known to activate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). LCFAs activate the GPCRs for free fatty alpha adrenergic blockers (FFA)1 and FFA4 (Briscoe et al., 2003; Hirasawa et al., 2005), whereas SCFAs activate FFA2 and FFA3 receptors, which are expressed in bovine neutrophils (Ala

• Thus aldolase catalyzing the reversible reaction of F P synt

  2021-12-20

  

  Thus, aldolase catalyzing the reversible reaction of F1,6-P2 synthesis is involved in the formation of the glyconeogenic or glycolytic complex, dependently on the physiological state of the cell. In the process of glycogen synthesis, the enzyme not only supplies the substrate for FBPase and desensit

• In this study we followed the

  2021-12-20

  

  In this study, we followed the fate of Ag-specific CD8+ T ep4 antagonist by directly visualizing them using MHC class I tetramers coupled with ovoalubumin (OVA)257–264 following EG.7 inoculation. We also examined the mechanism of apoptosis in exhausted Ag-specific CD8+ T cells during tumor immune re

• PKC does not however directly stimulate

  2021-12-20

  

  PKC does not, however, directly stimulate secretion by initiating calcium influx into the cell [51]. Work from multiple groups measuring calcium currents has shown that PMA alone or coupled with glucose does not modulate intracellular calcium influx [34], [51], [52], [53]. Instead of contributing to

• The replenishment time course of already tethered vesicle

  2021-12-20

  

  The replenishment time course of already-tethered vesicle to became release ready, was examined by TIRFM imaging combined with calcium uncaging. By UV-flash photolysis of caged calcium, intracellular calcium concentration raises rapidly and homogenously throughout the cell (Ellis-Davies, 2008). Upon

• In NAFLD models the first hit is liver fat accumulation

  2021-12-20

  

  In NAFLD models, the “first hit” is liver fat accumulation, which causes insulin resistance, whereas the interplay of inflammatory cytokines, which causes inflammation, acts as the representative “second hit” [9]. However, recently, the “multiple hit” hypothesis has taken into consideration that mul

• br Author contributions br Conflict of

  2021-12-18

  

  Author contributions Conflict of interest Acknowledgments We appreciate technical support of the Research Support Center at the Graduate School of Medical Sciences of the Kyushu University. This study was supported by the Uehara Memorial Foundation and a KAKENHI grant from the Ministry of E

• br Potential endogenous agonists of GPR The first endogenous

  2021-12-18

  

  Potential endogenous agonists of GPR35 The first endogenously produced chemical that was shown to be able to activate GPR35 was the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic map3k8 [8]. When human GPR35 was expressed along with a mixture of promiscuous and chimeric G proteins 9, 10 (Box 1) in CHO cells, a

• br Materials and methods br

  2021-12-18

  

  Materials and methods Results In this study we re-examined the kinetics of ET transport and tested the ability of various suggested substrates of OCNT1 to inhibit ET uptake. Using a native ET transporter expressed in the human HeLa cell line ET was found to be taken up with a Km of 51 μM and V

• Although encoded by a single gene GR

  2021-12-18

  

  Although encoded by a single gene, GR displays considerable heterogeneity through the combined effects of alternative mRNA splicing, alternative translation initiation, and complex post-translational modification. Differential expression of the various GR isoforms may contribute to tissue-specific f

• br Materials and methods br Results

  2021-12-17

  

  Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions Notes Declaration of interest statement Acknowledgment This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21775132, 21505112), Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Departm

• If the manager channel dominates we expect the

  2021-12-17

  

  If the manager channel dominates, we expect the increase in debt maturity of treated firms relative to control firms to be more evident in firms with weaker corporate governance where managers are less monitored and have more discretion in changing firm risks. We use the governance index (GINDEX) co

• br Experimental br Acknowledgments br Human

  2021-12-17

  

  Experimental Acknowledgments Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and without treatment results in a debilitating disease that cripples the immune system of the patient, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic diseases

• br Lysophosphatidylinositol LPI LPI is a

  2021-12-17

  

  Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) LPI is a subspecies of lysophospholipid consisting of inositol as its head group, one glycerol molecule and one acyl chain (Piñeiro and Falasca, 2012). The biosynthesis of this lipid starts from Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and is catalysed by the enzymes phospholipase

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